Purpose: HIDDEN caries is a term used to describe occlusal dentine caries that is missed on a visual examination, but can be detected by bitewing radiographs. The aim of this study is the review of new studies about this lesion and presentation the ways for diagnosis, prevention and treatmen of this lesion.Review of Literature: Investigations believe that the etiology of this lesion is the morphology of occlusal fissures and also topical fluoride use. Diagnosis of HIDDEN caries is difficult and need to use the diagnostic tools such as bitewing radiographs. Investigators have shown the prevalence of HIDDEN caries is between 1.4% to 15% of occlusal surfaces of permanent molars that have diagnosed as sound teeth. Prevention of this lesion is taken by fissure sealing soon after eruption and treatment is taken by amalgam or composite restoration. It is suggested to investigate about the prevalence of HIDDEN caries in our country.

Dyspraxia is a condition which has received attention in understanding a variety of difficulties in learning exhibited by children. This paper presents an exploration of dyspraxia and dyspraxic children. The spectrum of this difficulties exhibited by dyspraxic children is very wide, from difficulties in walking over a straight line to reading-writing difficulties. This paper focuses on dyspraxia and dyspraxic children. Dyspraxic children can become disadvantaged. Specifically, the general policy in identifying their needs and supporting them are necessary for an appropriate intervention. Dyspraxic children are clearly having special educational needs along other children with special educational needs such as dyslexia, autism, etc. Dyspraxic children do not morally or legally receive enough attention mainly because they do not look different from their normal peers. This is why dyspraxia is usually addressed as a HIDDEN HANDICAP. It is not sufficient to make sure that there will be enough funding to support pupils with Special Educational Needs, it is also necessary to ensure that all the relevant pupils to be recognized as children with Special Educational Needs and receive the appropriate support and intervention within the educational system.        

Dear Editor-in-Chief In positive psychology literature, resilience is among indexes that help one to adjust with nega-tive situation and have better function. Resilience is shaped in family context and could be fostered. Better parenting styles have con-structive effects on resilience skill.

Background and Objective: Tinnitus is defined as the perception of sound in the absence of any appropriate external stimulation. About 1-2% of the population is severely disturbed by tinnitus and it may disrupt daily activities and sleep. Several treatments are applied for this disorder and one of these treatments is acupuncture. The aim of this study was to finding scientific evidence for efficacy of acupuncture on this disorder that is resistance to conventional treatment modalities.Subjects and Method: This study is a clinical trial. In this study, 50 patients with resistance tinnitus to conventional treatment who referred to ENT ward of Emam Khomeini university hospital, Ahvaz, were chosen and divided to two groups (each 25 cases). The first group was used as treatment group (with acupuncture) and the other control group. Tinnitus HANDICAP Inventory questioners were completed for both groups before and after the allocated treatment period. All of the 25 treatment group cases underwent daily treatment for 15 secessions of 30 minutes each. The results analysis with SPSS software.Results: In case and control groups, the males were 56%, 52% and the females were 44%, 48%. The mean period of disorder in case and control groups was 5.8 and 5.6 years respectively. The results of THI were according to assessment quantity and quality. In case group, there had significant difference before and after treatment (P=0.03). Also, the case group after treatment and group control had significant difference (P=0.02).Conclusion: According to this finding, it is thought, the acupuncture is useful for treatment of tinnitus, especially in this condition that there is no proven treatment for it.  More studies are necessary to find the better management methods.

History and Objectives: Since sepsis has a high mortality rate in all elderly and HANDICAP population, specially at nursing homes, the present study was performed in order to identify the prevalence of sepsis. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was done. Blood samples were collected from 124 residents of Kahrizak Nursing House. After identification of isolated bacteria by standard methods, antibiogram tests were performed to determine the sensitivity or resistance of bacteria to common antibiotics. Sex and age of subjects were recorded. Results: of 124 subjects (32.2% male, 67.8% female), 16.2% had sepsis. The isolated bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci, Staph. aureus, E. coli, Strep. pyrogenes and Klebsiella. The Gram positive bacteria were resistant to fumatidine (77%), ciprofloxacin (75%), cephazoline (74.5%), and sensitive to co-trimoxazol (82%), gentamycin (80%), and amikacin (78.5%). The Gram negative bacteria were resistant to cephazolin (61.5%), cephalothin (52%), and sensitive to co-trimoxazol (95%), tetracycline (88%), fumatidine (79.5%), and gentamycin (79.5%). Conclusions: In the present study, the isolated bacteria werenormalflora, so it should be emphasized the proper personal hygiene such as hand washings to control infections. Antibiogram test is recommended for isolated bacteria.